Vol. 5, 2020

Table of contents

Material Science

LOWERING SYNTHESIS TEMPERATURE OF hBN BY IMPROVEMENT OF PRECURSOR

Erhan Budak, Ramazan Lok, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 1-3

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.01

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In this study, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) was synthesized with the modified O’Connor method in the presence of different additives. Structural properties of the synthesized materials were determined by X-Ray Diffraction, (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that improving the precursor using different additives played a positive role by lowering the formation temperature. The average grain sizes (21–24 nm) and graphitization index (2.44–3.45) of hBN samples were calculated from the XRD pattern.
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STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND RADIATION RESPONSE OF NEODYMIUM OXIDE

Ramazan Lok, Erhan Budak, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 4-6

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.02

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

Neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) was deposited by the sol–gel method on a P-type 〈100〉 silicon wafer. The chemical characterization of neodymium oxide was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface morphology was examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to examine the neodymium oxide radiation response, samples were irradiated using a Co-60 gamma-ray source from 1 to 100 Gy at a dose rate of 0.015 Gy/s. A dramatic variation was observed in the capacitance and conductance with increasing radiation dose. Irradiation creates a large number of e-h pairs and defects in the structure. For this reason, significant changes can occur in the electrical characteristics of the device. Consequently, neodymium oxide may have significant usage for microelectronic technology for radiation sensors.
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  10. R. Lok, E. Budak, E. Yilmaz, "Radiation response of zirconium silicate P-MOS capacitor," Microelectron. Reliab., vol. 109, article no. 113663, Jun. 2020.
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EFFECTS OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF E-BEAM DEPOSITED Al/Eu2O3/n-Si (MOS) CAPACITORS

Ozan Yilmaz, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 7-10

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.03

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

Rare earth oxides (REOs) play an important role in the semiconductor technology. Europium oxide (Eu2O3) is one of REOs and it has been used in many applications such as optoelectronics, telecommunications, microelectronics and optical devices. However, in this study, Eu2O3 MOS capacitors have been fabricated by using the Electron Beam Evaporation (E-Beam) technique and the effects of different annealing temperatures on them have been investigated. Before and after annealing, the crystallographic and morphological properties of the Eu2O3 films have been analyzed by X-ray Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy. The electrical properties of the devices have been investigated using measuring C-V, G/ω-V characteristics. This preliminary study shows that Europium oxide can be suitable for application as a thin film.
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INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF VANADIUM OXIDE-VO2 MOS DEVICES

Umutcan Gürer and Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 11-14

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.04

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In this study, the electrical characteristics and surface morphology of Vanadium Oxide-VO2 MOS Devices have been investigated. VO2 thin films were deposited onto n-type (100) silicon wafers by using the RF magnetron sputtering system. Thin films were annealed at different temperatures in the Argon environment. The FTIR and XRD measurements were performed to check the surface morphology, crystal structure and bond structures of VO2 thin films, respectively. Except from the sample that was annealed at 700°C, the VO2 thin films showed amorphous structure. In the ATR-FTIR analysis, V-O-V bending mode at 617 cm-1 and V=O stretching vibrations at 990 cm-1 were seen on vanadium oxide thin films. While analyzing the electrical characteristics, it has been noticed that annealing had effects on the C-V and G/w-V curves. The obtained results demonstrate that VO2 may have the potential to be used in MOS-based applications.
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FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Al/Er2O3/SiO2/n-Si/ Al MOS CAPACITOR DEPOSITED BY E-BEAM

Alex Mutale and Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 15-20

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.05

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency-dependent electrical characteristics of the Al/Er2O3/SiO2 /n-Si/ Al MOS capacitor deposited by the e-beam PVD technique. The Er2O3/SiO2 films were annealed in the nitrogen ambient for 30 min at 550 oC. The crystal structure and surface morphology of thin films have been investigated by XRD and AFM. The capacitance-voltage(C-V) and conductance-voltage (G/w-V) measurements have been performed in the frequency range of 50kHz-1MHz at room temperature. Furthermore, the frequency effects on the series resistance and interface state density through C-V and G/w-V curves were studied and analyzed. It has been observed that the series resistance gives a peak for each frequency, decreasing and disappearing with increasing frequencies. Also, it has been shown that the density of interface states increases with increasing frequency. The measured and calculated results reveal that the frequency has a significant impact on both Rs and Dit of the fabricated MOS characteristics. These effects are supposed to occur because of the interfacial layer (SiO2) that is contained in between n-Si and Er2O3.
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2018.01.010
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    DOI: 10.1007/s10854-019-02045-x
  18. O. Çiçek, H. Durmuş, Ş. Altındal, “Identifying of series resistance and interface states on rhenium/n-GaAs structures using C–V–T and G/ω–V–T characteristics in frequency ranged 50 kHz to 5 MHz,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 704 – 713, Jan. 2020.
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STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Al/Al2O3/SiO2/n-Si METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR CAPACITOR

Nakibinge Tawfiq Kimbugwe, Huseyin Karacali, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 21-25

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.06

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In this study, the structural and electrical characteristics of the Al/Al2O3/SiO2/n-Si Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structure were investigated. Al2O3 films were deposited on the n-type Si wafer by RF magnetron sputtering after the growth of SiO2 by dry oxidation. The fabricated Al2O3/SiO2/n-Si structures were annealed at 250oC, 450oC, and 750oC in a N2 ambient. XRD and AFM measurements were conducted in order to examine the crystallinity and the surface topography of the Al2O3/SiO2/n-Si structure. Aluminum (Al) front and back contacts were then deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. C-V and G/w-V measurements were performed at low and high frequencies with the aim of analyzing the electrical characteristics. The discrepancy in the C-V curves for different frequencies stemmed from the defects and dangling bonds at the interfaces and in the oxide layers
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  8. N. T. Kimbugwe, E. Yilmaz, “Impact of SiO2 interfacial layer on the electrical characteristics of Al/Al2O3/SiO2/n-Si metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 31, no. 20, pp. 12372 - 12381, Aug. 2020.
    DOI: 10.1007/s10854-020-03783-z
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COMPARISON OF NÜR-PIN PHOTODIODE AND BPW34 PIN PHOTODIODE

Emre Doganci, Aliekber Aktag, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 26-28

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.07

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The Silicon PIN photodiode (NÜR-PIN) with active area (3.5. x 3.5. mm2) was designed and fabricated on (100) N-type floating zone silicon substrates by using conventional photolithography process at Nuclear Radiation Detectors Applications and Research Center (NÜRDAM). To get NÜR-PIN and BPW34 specifications, capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current – voltage (I-V) measurements were accomplished at room temperature by using Keithley 4200-SCS and results were compared.  The leakage current and capacitance at -10V are 20 nA and 17.7 pF for NÜR-PIN, 32 nA and 27 pF for BPW34. Even if NÜR-PIN has good results at low reverse voltage, it is unstable at high reverse voltage compared to BPW34 photodiodes.
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Radiation Detectors

OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FABRICATED THREE-LAYER Al/Er2O3/Eu2O3/SiO2/n-Si/Al MOS CAPACITORS FOR RADIATION SENSORS

Saleh Abubakar, Ercan Yilmaz

Pages: 29-32

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.08

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In the development of radiation sensors based on MOSFET devices, the process of enhancing gate dielectric radiation response should be considered, as the gate dielectric is a sensitive area. In this study, optical and electrical characteristics of fabricated three-layered Al/Er2O3/Eu2O3/SiO2/n-Si/Al MOS capacitors for radiation sensors were comprehensively investigated. MOS capacitors with 15 nm thin SiO2, 25 nm thin Eu2O3, and 110 nm thick Er2O3 stacked gate oxide layers were grown on the n-Silicon substrate by thermal oxidation and electron beam evaporation systems, respectively. The aluminum gate and back contacts of the capacitors were formed by RF magnetron sputtering. The optical and electrical properties of the thin films and capacitors were analyzed by studying the reflection, transmittance, refractive index and absorption coefficient, Capacitance–Voltage, Conductance–Voltage, and Current density–Voltage measurements. It is observed from these studies that interfacial layers, which appeared to cause interfacial dipoles, are used to reduce the interface trap charge density and oxide trap charge density in order to improve the charge storage capacity of the device.
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Radiation in Medicine

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT BNCT-DRUG INJECTION METHODS

Vladimir Kanygin, Alphiya Tsygankova, Aleksandr Kichigin, Evgenii Zavjalov, Ivan Razumov, Tatiana Guselnikova, Anna Kasatovа, Roman Sibirtsev, Rinat Mukhamadiyarov

Pages: 33-37

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.09

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The BNCT-drugs (BSH and BPA) toxicity for an 8-10-week-old severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) male mice outbred with SPF-status was studied. The possibility of increasing BPA (L-p-boron phenylalanine) and BSH (sodium salt of borocaptate) therapeutic dose was shown. The relationship between a safe therapeutic dose and the administration method of BPA was found. The intraperitoneal injection allows one to increase the dose of BPA at least twice – 700 mg/kg b.w, BSH – at least 8 times, 800 mg/kg b.w with intraperitoneal injections. The BPA intraperitoneal and intratumoral injections demonstrate higher results in comparison with intravenous administration. The highest and statistically significant concentration of 10В in the tumor was found for intraperitoneal injection of BPA for intratumoral injection of BPA – 27±5 μg/g (heterotopic tumors, P=0.95). The highest tumor/blood ratio for BPA was 7.5 for intratumoral administration in the point of 1h (heterotopic tumors). The maximum concentration of 10В with the introduction of BSH was with intravenous administration and was 8±3 μg/g (orthotopic tumors). The highest tumor/blood ratio was 9.5 for intravenous injection in 1h point (heterotopic tumors).
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Cancer Research

FEATURES OF DNA REPAIR IN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER AND PERSONS WITH MEDICAL HISTORY OF CANCER

Aleksandra Nozdracheva, Nadezhda Pleskach, Mirya Kuranova

Pages: 38-43

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.10

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In the cell lines of dermal fibroblasts of 30 and 55 year-old patients with breast cancer (BC) and in three patients with medical history of cancer, the features of DNA repair were studied. The amount, intensity of fluorescence and area of foci of protein 53BP1 and histone γH2AX were investigated at different time parameters of the field of irradiation of cells at a dose of 2 Gy. A line from a 30-year-old patient with no history of cancer was used as a healthy donor. The results showed that the reparative curve of a healthy donor differed from the reparative curves of the remaining lines. The cells of a young patient with breast cancer had more serious violations of the DNA repair processes. Also, the results of the work showed that histone γH2AX is more specific for breast cancer.
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BASIC RESEARCH OF LUNG CANCER IN-VITRO: MEASUREMENT METHODS, NEW POSSIBILITIES AND PERSPECTIVE

Jovana Todosijević, Jovan Luković, Jasmina Obradović, Vladimir Jurišić

Review paper

Pages: 44-50

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.11

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

Epidemiological data indicate that in the last period there has been an increase in the number of malignancies and among them lung cancer is one of the most common forms. In vitro studies based on the usage of immortalized cell lines are an important source of scientific knowledge for understanding of the mechanism of cell growth, proliferation and cell death. In this paper, the most commonly used methods for in vitro research in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) based on testing the effects of new compounds to determine the degree of apoptosis, necrosis, cell proliferation as well as their significance are discussed. So far, techniques of working with monolayer cultures have been mainly used. In the future, it is recommended to use a 3D system, knockout cell line and to conduct additional studies regarding the use of organoids or spheroids, as well as the application of new techniques to better understand the complex processes of carcinogenesis and the action of biologically active compounds.
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Microwave, Laser, RF and UV radiations

EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT CONNECTED TO THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

M. Israel, P. Ivanova, Ts. Shalamanova, M. Ivanova, V. Zaryabova

Pages: 51-54

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.12

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The aim of the study is to perform exposure and risk assessment of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at workplaces connected with electricity production according to the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU. The study covers the following sets of workplaces: (1) Workplaces in power distribution systems (indoor and outdoor distribution systems); (2) Workplaces with metalworking machines: lathes, mills, electric welding. Measurements are made using a frequency non-selective method, based on: “Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2013/35/EU Electromagnetic Fields Vol. 1 - Practical guide”. Exposure and risk assessment have been performed by comparing the measured values with action values (ALs) and the exposure limit values (ELVs) according to the requirements of Directive 2013/35/EU, as well as with the reference values adopted by the Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC for persons at “specific risk”. The results of the exposure and risk assessment show the following: Electric field strength for the power frequency field (50 Hz) does not exceed the high ALs for non-thermal effects; low ALs are not exceeded except for single points in outdoor high voltage substations. In cases where the low ALs for non-thermal effects are exceeded, the reference levels according to Recommendation 1999/519/EC are also exceeded. There are no measured values of the field strength above the reference levels according to Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC at the remaining workplaces. The results show compliance with the ELVs with respect to the health and sensory effects. Magnetic flux density values of power frequency fields do not exceed the ALs for non-thermal effects. Measured values also show the compliance with the ELVs for health and sensory effects. The magnetic flux densities do not exceed the reference levels according to Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that no risk can be expected for the workers’ health from the EMFs exposure except for those defined as persons at a specific risk. For them, appropriate recommendations for the employer have been proposed for health and safety practices at work.
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MEASUREMENT, EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF OPTICAL RADIATION IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT

M. Ivanova, M. Israel, M. Stoinovska

Pages: 55-58

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.13

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The report presents results of the measurement, exposure and risk assessment of optical radiation sources in an industrial unit: electric welding, oxygene and plasma cutting machines. Measurements of the optical radiation parameters are performed over the entire optical range within the scope of Directive 2006/25/EC (transposed in Bulgarian legislation with Ordinance No 5 /2010). They are made at the level of the exposed eyes and skin of workers having activities or staying in the source area. The studied sources mainly emit in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible range of the optical spectrum, therefore the applicable exposure limit values (ELVs) correspond to the two ranges. Although the highest exposure to optical radiation is to the workers who directly handle the source, the exposure and risk assessment refers more to other workers indirectly involved in the activities with sources of optical radiation. The reason is that the first group of directly exposed workers is protected by personal protective equipment (PPE), so radiation does not reach them up to the maximal radiation levels. The exposure assessment results show an exceeding of the ELVs for the visible and UV range in the vicinity of the electric welding and plasma cutting machine and ELVs for the visible range for the oxygene. The risk assessment for workers has taken into account that the risk of exposure of the eye to visible light is high, but exposure to visible radiation is unlikely to occur due to the aversion to bright light and involuntary turning the head away from the source. This is not the case with exposure to UV radiation, which is invisible to the eye and there are no natural mechanisms for protection. So, high levels of exposure and risk to the cornea and the lens of the eye are possible. This means that the risk of exposure to visible optical radiation is high, but the probability of exposure is medium to low. In the ultraviolet range, the risk and the likelihood of exposure is high. There is a health risk to persons who are particularly sensitive to exposure to optical radiation as well. In addition, effects on the health and safety of workers are possible as a result of the interaction between optical radiation and photosensitising substances at the workplace or medications and/or food.
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PUBLIC CONCERN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE IN BULGARIA – A CASE STUDY

V. Zaryabova, T. Shalamanova, H. Petkova, M. Israel

Pages: 59-63

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.14

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

Risk management in the precautionary framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning public health is an interactive process and it encourages the development of new information and understanding, as well as a review of the measures in the context of existing uncertainty. By including a wide range of stakeholders in the process, the framework requires a clarification of their interests, as well as transparency about the way of decision-making. The protective framework related to the protection of human beings against electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposures is an upgrading approach that encompasses procedures for managing human health risks that are either known or insecure. The framework assists: (1) Development and evaluation of the opportunities to reduce electromagnetic exposure; (2) Choice of action/actions appropriate to the risk under consideration; (3) Assessment and supervision of the chosen action/actions. WHO proposes the “Precautionary Principle/Approach” to be applied for cases when uncertainty of research is great, and when there are serious problems with the implementation of new technologies for which there is insufficient information on their harmful effects. At the same time, WHO suggests communication strategies to be applied after analyses and evaluation of the exposure to reduce public concern (EMF Risk Perception… WHO 1998, Risk Perception…ICNIRP 1997, Establishing a Dialogue…WHO 2002). Here, we would like to present one typical case study of public concern in connection with EMF exposure from a base station for mobile communication situated in urban area, and the way how the problem has been solved. Different approaches for exposure assessment have been applied, as follows: (1) measuring methods: point measurements; monitoring measurements over a long period of time, monitoring for more than 24 hours; spectrum analyses; (2) analytical methods: exposure assessment through processing data of measurements; and/or evaluation of the safety zones around “sensitive” buildings by calculation/modeling. A communication strategy with the general population has been chosen and applied on the basis of the analyses of the results of evaluation of the exposure. This communication strategy is specific and proven effective, and it refers to all stakeholders, including administration, mobile operators, local authorities, regional control bodies of the Ministry of Health, and others. The main purpose of this paper is connected to the methodology of the processes presenting our model for effectively solving a problem of public concern connected with EMF exposure.
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Biochemistry

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND REDOX PROPERTY OF Ni(II) COMPLEXES WITH ORTHO- AND META-DIPHENOL DERIVATIVES

K.A. Nabebina, N.V. Loginova, T.V. Kovalchuk-Rabchinskaya, G.A. Ksendzova, N.P. Osipovich

Pages: 64-67

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.15

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

The redox-activity of novel bioactive Ni(II) complexes with ortho- and meta-diphenols was investigated. Amorphous water insoluble complexes with general formula NiL2 were synthesized according to the authorial method. It was found that the complexes are highly lipophilic (lgPow= 2.5÷3.5), stable in water-organic media (stability constants logarithm lgβ=15-18) and have a non-electrolyte nature. Voltammetry analysis was used to determine the first oxidation peak (Epa1, V) as a thermodynamic criterion of compounds’ reducing ability. It was found that complexes with ortho-diphenol derivatives possess stronger reducing ability then the complexes with meta-diphenol. Antimicrobial activity of Ni(II) complexes against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Candida albicans were evaluated. Intricate dependence between reducing ability and bactericidal activity was found.
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Food Irradiation

DOSE ADJUSTMENT TO ENSURE UNIFORMITY OF CYLINDRICAL FOODSTUFF IRRADIATION

F. Studenikin, U. Bliznyuk, G. Krusanov, A. Chernyaev, V. Khankin, P. Borschegovskaya, V. Ipatova, A. Bliznyuk

Pages: 68-71

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.16

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

This study focuses on achieving a higher uniformity of 10 MeV electron treatment of cylindrical products by including aluminum modifiers of different thicknesses in the irradiation scheme. It was simulated the irradiation of cylindrical water phantom by beams of accelerated electrons with an energy of 10 MeV from two opposite sides using GEANT 4. During the simulation, aluminum plates-modifiers of different thicknesses of 1, 1.5 and 2 mm were added between the cylindrical phantom and the beam output in order to assess dose uniformity inside the phantom. It was found that the higher the thickness of aluminum plates, the more uniformity could be achieved. While 1 mm and 1.5 mm plates enable the efficiency ratio of 30 % and 45 %, respectively, a 2 mm modifier increases the uniformity of irradiation up to 60 %. In this way, computer modeling proves that inserting beam plates-modifiers between irradiated samples and beam output for irradiation from two opposite sides allows to considerably increase the uniformity of sample irradiation with complex geometry.
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Radioecology

FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR DISASTER

Masaki Tan

Brief communication

Pages: 72-74

DOI: 10.37392/RapProc.2020.17

Abstract | References | Full Text (PDF)

In this brief communication, some considerations related to Fukushima nuclear disaster are presented. They analyse the roles of public and private institutions in the crisis management of the accident. This topic is still under attention because the consequences of radiation on people, environment, and the whole planet must be taken into account. This short review of the facts that happened should be a warning and a memory. Lessons have been learnt and future science should be the science of safety.
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